\relax \select@language{english} \@writefile{toc}{\select@language{english}} \@writefile{lof}{\select@language{english}} \@writefile{lot}{\select@language{english}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{1}} \newlabel{chap:intro}{{1}{1}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Sampling}{1}} \newlabel{chap:sampl}{{2}{1}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces The operation of sampling and quantization: the continuous signal is taken at discrete times and is coded by integer values. This introduces errors.}}{2}} \newlabel{fig:Sampling}{{1}{2}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Spectral behaviour of sampled signals}{3}} \newlabel{eq:compl_freq}{{1}{3}} \newlabel{eq:compl_period}{{2}{3}} \newlabel{eq:time_domain}{{3}{3}} \newlabel{eq:convolution}{{4}{3}} \newlabel{eq:pulse}{{5}{3}} \newlabel{eq:spectrum}{{6}{3}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces The effect in frequency domain of sampling in time domain. The Fourier transform of the signal to sample has a maximum frequency $\omega _M$, if the sampling frequency $\omega _s >2\omega _M$ the replicas do not overlap}}{4}} \newlabel{fig:Nyquist}{{2}{4}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}The effect of undersampling: Aliasing}{5}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces The effect of sampling a sinusoidal function at a frequency lower than the Nyquist frequency.}}{5}} \newlabel{fig:Alias1}{{3}{5}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces The effect of sampling a sinusoidal function at a frequency lower than the Nyquist frequency in the time domain.}}{6}} \newlabel{fig:Alias2}{{4}{6}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Other elements of the Acquisition chain}{6}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces An example of 8 channel multiplexer. The output "D" is set to follow one of the inputs S1-S8 depending on the configuration of the A0-A3 bits if the EN signal is present.}}{6}} \newlabel{fig:multiplexer}{{5}{6}} \newlabel{SHAbasic}{{6a}{7}} \newlabel{sub@SHAbasic}{{(a)}{a}} \newlabel{SHAIntegrator}{{6b}{7}} \newlabel{sub@SHAIntegrator}{{(b)}{b}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces The basic circuit for a Sample and Hold amplifier. When the switch is closed it is esssentially a unity gain amplifier (emitter follower). When the switch opens, the capacitor discharges with the $R_L C$ time constant, being $R_L$ the load resistor. In \ref {SHAIntegrator} the integrator SHA is shown to overcome the problems in the chioice of the capacitor.}}{7}} \newlabel{fig:SHA}{{6}{7}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {subfigure}{\numberline{(a)}{\ignorespaces {Basic Circuit}}}{7}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {subfigure}{\numberline{(b)}{\ignorespaces {Integrator SHA}}}{7}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7}{\ignorespaces The data acquisition chain and its elements}}{8}} \newlabel{fig:chain}{{7}{8}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Digital to Analog and Analog to Digital Converters}{8}} \newlabel{DACbasic}{{8a}{8}} \newlabel{sub@DACbasic}{{(a)}{a}} \newlabel{DACR2R}{{8b}{8}} \newlabel{sub@DACR2R}{{(b)}{b}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8}{\ignorespaces The basic circuit for a Digital ro Analog Converter and the R-2R scheme that uses only two kind of resistors.}}{8}} \newlabel{fig:dac}{{8}{8}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {subfigure}{\numberline{(a)}{\ignorespaces {Basic DAC}}}{8}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {subfigure}{\numberline{(b)}{\ignorespaces {R-2R Scheme}}}{8}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9}{\ignorespaces The counter ADC}}{9}} \newlabel{fig:countADC}{{9}{9}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {10}{\ignorespaces The Successive Approximation ADC}}{10}} \newlabel{fig:SAR}{{10}{10}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {11}{\ignorespaces The Sigma-Delta modulator schematics}}{10}} \newlabel{fig:sigmadelta}{{11}{10}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {12}{\ignorespaces The Flash ADC schematics}}{11}} \newlabel{fig:fadc}{{12}{11}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Effective number of bits}{11}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {13}{\ignorespaces The quantization error parameters}}{12}} \newlabel{fig:quanterr}{{13}{12}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Effect of oversampling}{12}}